| In finance, an option is a contract which gives the buyer (the owner or holder) the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date, depending on the form of the option. The strike price may be set by reference to the spot price (market price) of the underlying security or commodity on the day an option is taken out, or it may be fixed at a discount or at a premium. The seller has the corresponding obligation to fulfill the transaction – that is to sell or buy – if the buyer (owner) "exercises" the option. An option that conveys to the owner the right to buy something at a specific price is referred to as a call; an option that conveys the right of the owner to sell something at a specific price is referred to as a put. Both are commonly traded, but for clarity, the call option is more frequently discussed. The seller may grant an option to a buyer as part of another transaction, such as a share issue or as part of an employee incentive scheme, otherwise a buyer would pay a premium to the seller for the option. A call option would normally be exercised only when the strike price is below the market value of the underlaying asset at that time, while a put option would normally be exercised only when the strike price is above the market value. When an option is exercised, the cost to the buyer of the asset acquired is the strike price plus the premium, if any. When the option expiration date passes without the option being exercised, then the option expires and the buyer would forfeit the premium to the seller. In any case, the premium is income to the seller, and normally a capital loss to the buyer. The owner of an option may on-sell the option to a third party in a secondary market, in either an over-the-counter transaction or on an options exchange, depending on the type of option and its terms. The market price of an American-style option normally closely follows that of the underlying stock; it being the difference between the market price of the stock and the strike price of the option. The actual market price of the option may vary to some degree depending on a number of factors, such as a significant option holder may need to sell the option as the expiry date is approaching and he does not have the financial resources to exercise the option, or a buyer in the market is trying to amass a large option holding. The ownership of an option does not generally entitle the holder to any rights associated with the underlying asset, such as voting rights or to receive any income from the underlying asset, such as a dividend. |
| A financial option is a contract between two counterparties with the terms of the option specified in a term sheet. Option contracts may be quite complicated; however, at minimum, they usually contain the following specifications: whether the option holder has the right to buy (a call option) or the right to sell (a put option) the quantity and class of the underlying asset(s) 100 shares of XYZ Company. BAC stock) The strike price, also known as the exercise price, which is the price at which the underlying transaction will occur upon exercise the expiration date, or expiry, which is the last date the option can be exercised The settlement terms, for instance whether the writer must deliver the actual asset on exercise, or may simply tender the equivalent cash amount the terms by which the option is quoted in the market to convert the quoted price into the actual premium – the total amount paid by the holder to the writer |
| 'Option' A financial derivative that represents a contract sold by one party (option writer) to another party (option holder). The contract offers the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call) or sell (put) a security or other financial asset at an agreed-upon price (the strike price) during a certain period of time or on a specific date (exercise date). Call options give the option to buy at certain price, so the buyer would want the stock to go up. Put options give the option to sell at a certain price, so the buyer would want the stock to go down. |
| 'Option' Options are extremely versatile securities that can be used in many different ways. Traders use options to speculate, which is a relatively risky practice, while hedgers use options to reduce the risk of holding an asset. In terms of speculation, option buyers and writers have conflicting views regarding the outlook on the performance of an underlying security. For example, because the option writer will need to provide the underlying shares in the event that the stock's market price will exceed the strike, an option writer that sells a call option believes that the underlying stock's price will drop relative to the option's strike price during the life of the option, as that is how he or she will reap maximum profit. This is exactly the opposite outlook of the option buyer. The buyer believes that the underlying stock will rise, because if this happens, the buyer will be able to acquire the stock for a lower price and then sell it for a profit. |
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| Your choice of investment Opportunity Choose Between stocks, Bonds, ETFs, mutual funds,, Index Funds, options, Retirement Plans. Life is complex. We're here to help you plan for it. |
| Tools to fit your investing style.. Investing is personal. We want you to have the tools you need to invest the way you want.. ------------------------ Want more tools and resources to research, to create investment strategies? You've got it. Knowledge Financial Group - |
| Research made the staff of Knowledge Financial Group -knowledgefinancial.com facilitate the easiest way to Quickly and easily get information to help you choose the right investments |
| Protection / Be Properly Protected insurance advisor, real professionals can help with life and long-term care insurance as part of your comprehensive financial plan |
| Buying Call Options On the menu of options opportunities, buying calls is a common one. That's true for investors who are new to options and those with years of experience. For one thing, call buying is relatively straightforward. That doesn't mean it's for everyone, though - before you jump in, become familiar with this required reading |
| With equity investments, the first step is to identify a stock or ETF whose market price you think will be higher in the relatively near future than it is now. Of course, it has to be one that options contracts are available for, but that's likely not a problem. Next, you choose an options contract on the underlying equity based on strike price, premium, and expiration date. You are speculating that the market price of the stock will be higher than the strike price plus premium (and commissions!) before expiration. Otherwise, there will be nothing to gain if you exercise the option. Another approach may be to select a contract whose premium you expect to increase enough to provide a profit if you sell. If you're right, you'll probably either buy the stock or, more likely, sell the contract. If you're wrong, all you'll lose is the premium. |
| Meeting Objectives You can buy calls to meet a variety of investment objectives. Generally speaking, you buy calls if you think the market or underlying investment will increase in value. You might decide on a price that you would be willing to buy shares of a particular stock that you'd like to own. If you buy call options at that strike price, you don't have to pay for the full purchase price immediately. But you give yourself the opportunity to pay no more than the strike price if the market price rises above that level before expiration. ---------- Alternatively, if you're interested in making money on the contract rather than buying the stock, you would buy a call on an option whose premium you expect to rise substantially in the short term. In this case, it's essential to pick a contract that will draw a lot of investor interest, since not all premiums move significantly even when the contract's underlying stock rises. |
| Many options investors sell their call contracts at some point before expiration, allowing them to realize a profit if the premiums have increased. On the other hand, if you've bought a call because you really want to own the underlying, you can exercise your right just as the term expires, subject to the exercise cut-off policies of your brokerage firm. The last trading day is the third Friday of the expiration month, but some firms may require more notice of your intent to exercise. The options actually expire on the Saturday following the third Friday of the expiration month |
| Perfect Timing Buying calls can provide different advantages depending on your time period: In the short term, you can profit if you sell an option contract for more than you paid to buy it. That may happen if the price of the underlying rises quickly. Over a matter of several months, you can use call options to minimize the risk of owning stock in a volatile market. If exercising doesn't make financial sense within a contract's term, you can always roll over the contract to lock in more time (by selling your current contract and buying a new one with a later expiration date). Long-term equity anticipation securities (LEAPS), with terms up to three years, let you purchase calls at a strike price you're comfortable with while giving yourself enough time to accumulate the capital you'll need to purchase shares before expiration. |
| Buying Put Options If you're looking for a strategy to help you protect your assets or realize a profit in a bear market, you might explore buying put options. In a market downturn, for example, you may find that having a put to exercise will provide a better return than selling off the stocks you own to prevent losses. But before you jump in, get to know this required reading: Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options. Investor Objectives Generally speaking, you buy puts if you think the market or underlying investment will decrease in value. If you own a particular stock that you buy a put option for, you're hedging your existing stock position. In fact, it's known as a protective put. There is an initial cost, which is the premium you pay for the put. But what you're doing is locking in a selling price. That protects you if the market price of the stock falls below the strike price at any time before the option expires. If that happens, you could decide to exercise the put. An investor who sold the put must buy your shares at the strike price, even if that price is substantially higher than the stock's market price. On the other hand, if the stock's price goes up, not down, you don't exercise before expiration. That means you keep your shares. The most you can lose is what you paid to buy the put, plus any commission. If you suspect you won't exercise, you may be able to sell your option in the marketplace before expiration. The premium you receive will be less than the premium you paid because there's less time for the option to move in-the-money. But selling could potentially reduce your loss. You can also use a strategy known as a married put. In that case, you make two purchases at the same time: You: |
| Buy shares of a stock Purchase a put on the same stock In the same way that a protective put locks in unrealized gains on stocks you've held for some time, a married put helps protect the value of a new investment. It's Your Option: Sell It or Hold It If you buy a put option and then sell it, you can figure out your return by subtracting the amount you received from the amount you paid. For example, say you bought one put option for $250, or $2.50 per share. Six weeks later, the price of the underlying stock has dropped. That means the put is in-the-money, and you can sell your option for $500, or $5 per share. Your return is $250, or 100% of your investment. $500 (Sale price) - $250 (Premium) = $250, or a 100% return But if the price of the stock has risen after a month, it moves the put out-of-the-money. You decide to sell the put, but the premium has dropped to $150. That means you'll lose $100, or 40% of your investment, but not the entire amount. $250 (Purchase price) - $150 (Sale price) = $100 or a 40% loss The calculation is a little more complicated if you buy a put to hedge a stock position. In that case, you have to find the difference between your total investment, which is the premium plus the amount you paid for the shares, and where you'd be, financially speaking, if you exercised your option. Suppose you bought 100 shares of a particular stock for $20 a share, spending $2,000. Then you bought one put option with a strike price of $15 on the same stock for $100, or $1 per share. That makes your total investment $2,100. If you exercise the option, you'll receive $1,500 and have a $600 loss on your $2,100 investment. $2,100 (Total investment) - $1,500 (Receive at exercise) = $600 Loss Nobody likes a $600 loss. But remember that if the stock price had fallen below $15, your potential loss could have been significantly greater without the put. By adding $100 to your investment, you were assured of a $15 selling price however low the market price of the stock dropped. |
| Weighing Your Choice The appeal of buying puts is that they can help manage risk in a volatile market or one that seems to be headed into bear territory. What's more, the risk of loss you face when you buy an option is limited to the cost of the premium. ============== Get personalized help from a professional with a full service brokerage company. Sometimes investing your way includes getting customized, professional advice..../ financial advisors are ready to work with you to build a long-term plan tailored to your personal goals and needs. And they'll be with you over the years to help monitor your progress and make adjustments. ------------------ Personalization Your advisor will take the time to listen to you and understand your goals. Then work with you on a long-term strategy that fits your personal goals, needs and time horizon—with no hidden agenda. ------------------------ Partnership We want you to feel comfortable asking questions and making decisions. It starts by getting to know you as a person and building a comfortable, one-on-one relationship from start to finish. ------------------- Transparency We want every bit of help, every word of advice and every cost to be absolutely clear. That's why we use straight talk and clear language. If you ever have a question, just ask your advisor. -------------------- Financial Planning Wherever you are in your planning, your advisor can work with you to help make sure your investing strategy fits your needs and goals. -------------- Retirement Your advisor will work with you to build a retirement strategy that fits your goals and help manage it over the years |
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| One of the fastest ways to lower your life insurance premiums on permanent and term policies is to drop policy riders. Dumping pricey add-ons such as waiver of premium or accidental death and dismemberment riders can substantially lower your premiums. But the amount varies between companies and policies |
| "You have to work with an insurance agent if you're thinking about dropping riders," adding that some companies allow policyholders to drop certain riders. If you change your mind later, you may be able to add certain riders back without additional medical underwriting. Before letting go of riders, Rowan says policyholders should ask their provider how much the move could lower premiums and how easy it would be to add riders back on later. |
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| '' What Are Self-Directed IRAs? How Self-Directed IRAs Let you Invest in Anything? How To Invest In Real Estate With IRA's, 401k's money? ----------- Commodity Trading: What Are Commodities? How to Invest in Commodities? How does commodity futures trading work? ---------- '' Oil Futures Trading 101 '' How To Start Investing In OIL AND GAS? A Guide To Investing In Oil Markets. = How to Buy Oil and Gas Royalties ? |
Futures Contract;
In finance, a futures contract (more
colloquially, futures) is a standardized
forward contract which can be easily
traded between parties other than the
two initial parties to the contract.
The parties initially agree to buy and
sell an asset for a price agreed upon
today (the forward price) with delivery
and payment occurring at a future point,
the delivery date.
Because it is a function of an underlying
asset, a futures contract is a derivative
product.
Contracts are
negotiated at futures
exchanges, which act
as a marketplace
between buyers and
sellers. The buyer of a contract is
said to be long position holder, and the
selling party is said to be short position
holder.
As both parties risk their counterparty
walking away if the price goes against
them, the contract may involve both
parties lodging a margin of the value of
the contract with a mutually trusted
third party.
For example, in gold futures trading,
the margin varies between 2% and 20%
depending on the volatility of the spot
market.
The first futures
contracts were
negotiated for
agricultural
commodities, and later
for natural resources
such as oil.
Financial futures were
introduced in 1972, and in
recent decades, currency futures,
interest rate futures and stock market
index futures have played an
increasingly large role in the overall
futures markets.
The original use of futures contracts
was to mitigate the risk of price or
exchange rate movements by allowing
parties to fix prices or rates in advance
for future transactions.
This could be advantageous when (for
example) a party expects to receive
payment in foreign currency in the
future, and wishes to guard against an
unfavorable movement of the currency
in the interval before payment is
received.
In finance, a futures contract (more
colloquially, futures) is a standardized
forward contract which can be easily
traded between parties other than the
two initial parties to the contract.
The parties initially agree to buy and
sell an asset for a price agreed upon
today (the forward price) with delivery
and payment occurring at a future point,
the delivery date.
Because it is a function of an underlying
asset, a futures contract is a derivative
product.
Contracts are
negotiated at futures
exchanges, which act
as a marketplace
between buyers and
sellers. The buyer of a contract is
said to be long position holder, and the
selling party is said to be short position
holder.
As both parties risk their counterparty
walking away if the price goes against
them, the contract may involve both
parties lodging a margin of the value of
the contract with a mutually trusted
third party.
For example, in gold futures trading,
the margin varies between 2% and 20%
depending on the volatility of the spot
market.
The first futures
contracts were
negotiated for
agricultural
commodities, and later
for natural resources
such as oil.
Financial futures were
introduced in 1972, and in
recent decades, currency futures,
interest rate futures and stock market
index futures have played an
increasingly large role in the overall
futures markets.
The original use of futures contracts
was to mitigate the risk of price or
exchange rate movements by allowing
parties to fix prices or rates in advance
for future transactions.
This could be advantageous when (for
example) a party expects to receive
payment in foreign currency in the
future, and wishes to guard against an
unfavorable movement of the currency
in the interval before payment is
received.
What is a 'Futures
Contract'
A futures contract is a contractual
agreement, generally made on the
trading floor of a futures exchange, to
buy or sell a particular commodity or
financial instrument at a pre-determined
price in the future.
Futures contracts detail the quality and
quantity of the underlying asset; they are
standardized to facilitate trading on a
futures exchange
'Futures Contract'
The terms "futures contract" and
"futures" refer to essentially the same
thing. For example, you might hear
somebody say they bought "oil futures",
which means the same thing as "oil
futures contract".
If you want to get really specific, you
could say that a futures contract refers
only to the specific characteristics of the
underlying asset
Contract'
A futures contract is a contractual
agreement, generally made on the
trading floor of a futures exchange, to
buy or sell a particular commodity or
financial instrument at a pre-determined
price in the future.
Futures contracts detail the quality and
quantity of the underlying asset; they are
standardized to facilitate trading on a
futures exchange
'Futures Contract'
The terms "futures contract" and
"futures" refer to essentially the same
thing. For example, you might hear
somebody say they bought "oil futures",
which means the same thing as "oil
futures contract".
If you want to get really specific, you
could say that a futures contract refers
only to the specific characteristics of the
underlying asset
How to buy futures
Commodity Futures Trading
CommissionFutures are speculative,
leveraged instruments and aggressive
traders can lose big, but these
derivatives also can be prudent ways to
diversify portfolios and hedge against
losses in volatile markets.
Commodities, stocks, Treasury bonds,
global currencies — even the weather
— are among the many types of
investments tied to futures.
Buying and selling takes a high level of
sophistication, and that's why futures
are mostly a tool for institutions, hedge
funds, trading firms and wealthy
investors.
At the same time, opportunities for
mainstream investors to tap the futures
market are more present than ever.
Commodity Futures Trading
CommissionFutures are speculative,
leveraged instruments and aggressive
traders can lose big, but these
derivatives also can be prudent ways to
diversify portfolios and hedge against
losses in volatile markets.
Commodities, stocks, Treasury bonds,
global currencies — even the weather
— are among the many types of
investments tied to futures.
Buying and selling takes a high level of
sophistication, and that's why futures
are mostly a tool for institutions, hedge
funds, trading firms and wealthy
investors.
At the same time, opportunities for
mainstream investors to tap the futures
market are more present than ever.
'' How To Invest In
Commodities ''
Commodities, whether they are related to
food, energy or metals, are an important
part of everyday life. Similarly,
commodities can be an important way for
investors to diversify beyond traditional
stocks and bonds, or to profit from a
conviction about price movements.
It used to be that most people did not
invest in commodities because doing so
required significant amounts of time,
money and expertise.
Today, there are a number of different
routes to the commodity markets, and
some of these routes make it easy for
even the average investor to participate.
This article should help you determine
which tools will suit you best for investing
in commodities.
Futures Market
A popular way to invest in commodities is
through a futures contract, which is an
agreement to buy or sell, in the future, a
specific quantity of a commodity at a
specific price.
Futures are available on commodities
such as crude oil, gold and natural gas, as
well as agricultural products such as cattle
or corn.
Most of the participants in the futures
markets are commercial or institutional
users of the commodities they trade.
These hedgers may use the commodity
markets to take a position that will reduce
the risk of financial loss due to a change in
price.
Other participants, mainly individuals, are
speculators who hope to profit from
changes in the price of the futures
contract. Speculators typically close out
their positions before the contract is due
and never take actual delivery of the
commodity (e.g. grain, oil, etc.) itself.
Investing in a futures contract will require
you to open up a new brokerage account,
if you do not have a broker that also
trades futures, and to fill out a form
acknowledging that you understand the
risks associated with futures trading.
Each commodity contract requires a
different minimum deposit, depending on
the broker, and the value of your account
will increase or decrease with the value of
the contract.
If the value of the contract goes down, you
will be subject to a margin call and will be
required to place more money into your
account to keep the position open.
Due to the huge amounts of leverage,
small price movements can mean huge
returns or losses, and a futures account
can be wiped out or doubled in a matter of
minutes.
Most futures contracts will also have
options associated with them. Options on
futures contracts still allow you to invest
in the futures contract, but limit your loss
to the cost of the option.
Options are derivatives and usually do not
move point-for-point with the futures
contract.
Advantages:
It's a pure play on the
underlying commodity.
Leverage allows for big
profits if you are on the
right side of the trade.
Minimum-deposit accounts control
full-size contracts that you would normally
not be able to afford.
You can go long or short
easily.
Disadvantages:
The futures markets can be very volatile
and direct investment in these markets
can be very risky, especially for
inexperienced investors.
Leverage magnifies both
gains and losses.
A trade can go against you quickly and you
could lose your initial deposit (and more)
before you are able to close your position.
Commodities ''
Commodities, whether they are related to
food, energy or metals, are an important
part of everyday life. Similarly,
commodities can be an important way for
investors to diversify beyond traditional
stocks and bonds, or to profit from a
conviction about price movements.
It used to be that most people did not
invest in commodities because doing so
required significant amounts of time,
money and expertise.
Today, there are a number of different
routes to the commodity markets, and
some of these routes make it easy for
even the average investor to participate.
This article should help you determine
which tools will suit you best for investing
in commodities.
Futures Market
A popular way to invest in commodities is
through a futures contract, which is an
agreement to buy or sell, in the future, a
specific quantity of a commodity at a
specific price.
Futures are available on commodities
such as crude oil, gold and natural gas, as
well as agricultural products such as cattle
or corn.
Most of the participants in the futures
markets are commercial or institutional
users of the commodities they trade.
These hedgers may use the commodity
markets to take a position that will reduce
the risk of financial loss due to a change in
price.
Other participants, mainly individuals, are
speculators who hope to profit from
changes in the price of the futures
contract. Speculators typically close out
their positions before the contract is due
and never take actual delivery of the
commodity (e.g. grain, oil, etc.) itself.
Investing in a futures contract will require
you to open up a new brokerage account,
if you do not have a broker that also
trades futures, and to fill out a form
acknowledging that you understand the
risks associated with futures trading.
Each commodity contract requires a
different minimum deposit, depending on
the broker, and the value of your account
will increase or decrease with the value of
the contract.
If the value of the contract goes down, you
will be subject to a margin call and will be
required to place more money into your
account to keep the position open.
Due to the huge amounts of leverage,
small price movements can mean huge
returns or losses, and a futures account
can be wiped out or doubled in a matter of
minutes.
Most futures contracts will also have
options associated with them. Options on
futures contracts still allow you to invest
in the futures contract, but limit your loss
to the cost of the option.
Options are derivatives and usually do not
move point-for-point with the futures
contract.
Advantages:
It's a pure play on the
underlying commodity.
Leverage allows for big
profits if you are on the
right side of the trade.
Minimum-deposit accounts control
full-size contracts that you would normally
not be able to afford.
You can go long or short
easily.
Disadvantages:
The futures markets can be very volatile
and direct investment in these markets
can be very risky, especially for
inexperienced investors.
Leverage magnifies both
gains and losses.
A trade can go against you quickly and you
could lose your initial deposit (and more)
before you are able to close your position.
How to Invest in
Futures & Options..
Investing in futures and options is really a
series of consecutive trading positions.
This is because futures and options have
regular expiration dates that cause the
trader to close existing positions at
expiration and open new positions at
longer expiration dates.
Traders must always be aware that they
are trading a leveraged proxy for a more
valuable underlying security such as oil,
gold, stocks, bonds, or agricultural
products
Futures & Options..
Investing in futures and options is really a
series of consecutive trading positions.
This is because futures and options have
regular expiration dates that cause the
trader to close existing positions at
expiration and open new positions at
longer expiration dates.
Traders must always be aware that they
are trading a leveraged proxy for a more
valuable underlying security such as oil,
gold, stocks, bonds, or agricultural
products
Things You'll Need
Brokerage account at a certified futures
dealer with completed application for
options and futures trading as required by
the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
----------------------
Understand that options and futures both
represent underlying stocks, commodities,
or indexes.
Options and futures have expiration dates
and trade at a premium to the value of the
underlying assets.
That is because instead of putting up cash
for the underlying asset the investor only
puts up a good faith deposit and is liable for
the balance.
Premium declines in value over time so that
at the time of expiration the security trades
near the underlying security value.
Because futures and options are leveraged
investments there is risk separate from the
underlying asset.
This is called volatility. Volatility represents
the daily difference between the high and
low price of the stock.
Volatility disguises the underlying direction
of the stock. Volatility raises premium levels
necessary to realize the increased risk of
the future or option.
Trade successfully by having a money
management and trading strategy to
minimize risk.
Money management requires that risk is
systematic and kept to a small loss per
trade, often less than than 2% of the total
portfolio size .
Professional traders manage risk by trading
stocks and commodities together in order
to add diversification.
Money management is the single most
important skill a trader must have. No
trading strategy can work without sound
money management to control
diversification and volatility and to build
confidence in one's plan.
Trading strategies involve one of three
general themes. Trend following is an
intermediate strategy of following the
general trend, both up and down.
Hedged trading involves the purchase of a
security and the sale of a call or option in
order to collect the time value of the
premium.
Pattern recognition requires familiarity with
technical analysis and the statistical
probability that certain chart patterns will
result in bull or bear moves.
Futures and options are difficult to trade
since they are always trading with respect
to their premium and the price of the
underlying security.
Brokerage account at a certified futures
dealer with completed application for
options and futures trading as required by
the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
----------------------
Understand that options and futures both
represent underlying stocks, commodities,
or indexes.
Options and futures have expiration dates
and trade at a premium to the value of the
underlying assets.
That is because instead of putting up cash
for the underlying asset the investor only
puts up a good faith deposit and is liable for
the balance.
Premium declines in value over time so that
at the time of expiration the security trades
near the underlying security value.
Because futures and options are leveraged
investments there is risk separate from the
underlying asset.
This is called volatility. Volatility represents
the daily difference between the high and
low price of the stock.
Volatility disguises the underlying direction
of the stock. Volatility raises premium levels
necessary to realize the increased risk of
the future or option.
Trade successfully by having a money
management and trading strategy to
minimize risk.
Money management requires that risk is
systematic and kept to a small loss per
trade, often less than than 2% of the total
portfolio size .
Professional traders manage risk by trading
stocks and commodities together in order
to add diversification.
Money management is the single most
important skill a trader must have. No
trading strategy can work without sound
money management to control
diversification and volatility and to build
confidence in one's plan.
Trading strategies involve one of three
general themes. Trend following is an
intermediate strategy of following the
general trend, both up and down.
Hedged trading involves the purchase of a
security and the sale of a call or option in
order to collect the time value of the
premium.
Pattern recognition requires familiarity with
technical analysis and the statistical
probability that certain chart patterns will
result in bull or bear moves.
Futures and options are difficult to trade
since they are always trading with respect
to their premium and the price of the
underlying security.
WARRANTS, What is a 'Warrant'
A warrant is a derivative that confers the right, but
not the obligation, to buy or sell a security –
normally an equity – at a certain price before
expiration.
The price at which the underlying security can be
bought or sold is referred to as the exercise price
or strike price.
An American warrant can be exercised at any time
on or before the expiration date, while European
warrants can only be exercised on the expiration
date.
Warrants that confer the right to buy a security are
known as call warrants; those that confer the right
to sell are known as put warrants.
A warrant is a derivative that confers the right, but
not the obligation, to buy or sell a security –
normally an equity – at a certain price before
expiration.
The price at which the underlying security can be
bought or sold is referred to as the exercise price
or strike price.
An American warrant can be exercised at any time
on or before the expiration date, while European
warrants can only be exercised on the expiration
date.
Warrants that confer the right to buy a security are
known as call warrants; those that confer the right
to sell are known as put warrants.
BREAKING DOWN 'Warrant'
Warrants are in many ways similar to options, but a few key
differences distinguish them. Warrants are generally
issued by the company itself, not a third party, and they are
traded over-the-counter more often than on an exchange.
Investors cannot write warrants like they can options.
Unlike options (with the exception of employee stock
options), warrants are dilutive: when an investor exercises
her warrant, she receives newly issued stock, rather than
already-outstanding stock. Warrants tend to have much
longer periods between issue and expiration than options,
of years rather than months.
Warrants do not pay dividends or come with voting rights.
Investors are attracted to warrants as a means of
leveraging their positions in a security, hedging against
downside (for example, by combining a put warrant with a
long position in the underlying stock) or exploiting
arbitrage opportunities.
Warrants are no longer very common in the U.S., but are
heavily traded in Hong Kong, Germany and other countries.
Types Of Warrants
Traditional warrants are issued in conjunction with bonds,
which in turn are called warrant-linked bonds, as a kind of
sweetener that allows the issuer to offer a lower coupon
rate.
These warrants are often detachable, meaning that they
can be separated from the bond and sold on the
secondary markets before expiration.
A detachable warrant can also be issued in conjunction
with preferred stock; often the warrant must be sold
before the investor can collect dividends.
Wedded or wedding warrants are not detachable, and the
investor must surrender the bond or preferred stock the
warrant is "wedded" to in order to exercise it. Naked
warrants are issued on their own, without accompanying
bonds or preferred stock.
Covered warrants are issued by financial institutions
rather than companies, so no new stock is issued when
covered warrants are exercised.
Rather, the warrants are "covered" in that the issuing
institution already owns the underlying shares or can
somehow acquire them.
The underlying securities are not limited to equity, as with
other types of warrants, but may be currencies,
commodities or any number of other financial instruments.
Trading Warrants
Trading warrants can be difficult and time-consuming, as
they are for the most part not listed on stock exchanges,
and data on warrant issues is not readily available for free.
When a warrant is listed on an exchange, its ticker symbol
will often be the symbol of the company's common stock
with a W added to the end.
Warrants are in many ways similar to options, but a few key
differences distinguish them. Warrants are generally
issued by the company itself, not a third party, and they are
traded over-the-counter more often than on an exchange.
Investors cannot write warrants like they can options.
Unlike options (with the exception of employee stock
options), warrants are dilutive: when an investor exercises
her warrant, she receives newly issued stock, rather than
already-outstanding stock. Warrants tend to have much
longer periods between issue and expiration than options,
of years rather than months.
Warrants do not pay dividends or come with voting rights.
Investors are attracted to warrants as a means of
leveraging their positions in a security, hedging against
downside (for example, by combining a put warrant with a
long position in the underlying stock) or exploiting
arbitrage opportunities.
Warrants are no longer very common in the U.S., but are
heavily traded in Hong Kong, Germany and other countries.
Types Of Warrants
Traditional warrants are issued in conjunction with bonds,
which in turn are called warrant-linked bonds, as a kind of
sweetener that allows the issuer to offer a lower coupon
rate.
These warrants are often detachable, meaning that they
can be separated from the bond and sold on the
secondary markets before expiration.
A detachable warrant can also be issued in conjunction
with preferred stock; often the warrant must be sold
before the investor can collect dividends.
Wedded or wedding warrants are not detachable, and the
investor must surrender the bond or preferred stock the
warrant is "wedded" to in order to exercise it. Naked
warrants are issued on their own, without accompanying
bonds or preferred stock.
Covered warrants are issued by financial institutions
rather than companies, so no new stock is issued when
covered warrants are exercised.
Rather, the warrants are "covered" in that the issuing
institution already owns the underlying shares or can
somehow acquire them.
The underlying securities are not limited to equity, as with
other types of warrants, but may be currencies,
commodities or any number of other financial instruments.
Trading Warrants
Trading warrants can be difficult and time-consuming, as
they are for the most part not listed on stock exchanges,
and data on warrant issues is not readily available for free.
When a warrant is listed on an exchange, its ticker symbol
will often be the symbol of the company's common stock
with a W added to the end.
Put Warrant
A type of security that gives the holder the right (but not
the ...
Warrant Premium
The amount that an investor must pay above the
current market ...
Call Warrant
A financial instrument that gives the holder the right to
buy ...
Covered Warrant
A type of warrant that allows the holder to buy or sell a
specific ...
Piggyback Warrants
Additional warrants that are acquired following the
exercise ...
Naked Warrant
A warrant that is issued without a host bond. A naked
warrant ..
Forward Purchase contract
An equity forward is a contract for the purchase of an
individual stock, a stock portfolio or a stock index at some
future date. An equity forward on an individual stock allows
an investor to sell his or her stock at some future date at a
guaranteed price.
------------
Forward Purhase Contract
In finance, a forward contract or simply a forward is a non-
standardized contract between two parties to buy or to sell
an asset at a specified future time at a price agreed upon
today, making it a type of derivative instrument.
---------
The price of the underlying instrument, in whatever form, is
paid before control of the instrument changes. This is one
of the many forms of buy/sell orders where the time and
date of trade is not the same as the value date where the
securities themselves are exchanged.
Forwards, like other derivative securities, can be used to
hedge risk (typically currency or exchange rate risk), as a
means of speculation, or to allow a party to take advantage
of a quality of the underlying instrument which is time-
sensitive.
-------------
A closely related contract is a futures contract; they differ in
certain respects. Forward contracts are very similar to
futures contracts, except they are not exchange-traded, or
defined on standardized assets.
Forwards also typically have no interim partial settlements
or "true-ups" in margin requirements like futures – such
that the parties do not exchange additional property
securing the party at gain and the entire unrealized gain or
loss builds up while the contract is open.
However, being traded over the counter (OTC), forward
contracts specification can be customized and may include
mark-to-market and daily margin calls.
An equity forward is a contract for the purchase of an
individual stock, a stock portfolio or a stock index at some
future date. An equity forward on an individual stock allows
an investor to sell his or her stock at some future date at a
guaranteed price.
------------
Forward Purhase Contract
In finance, a forward contract or simply a forward is a non-
standardized contract between two parties to buy or to sell
an asset at a specified future time at a price agreed upon
today, making it a type of derivative instrument.
---------
The price of the underlying instrument, in whatever form, is
paid before control of the instrument changes. This is one
of the many forms of buy/sell orders where the time and
date of trade is not the same as the value date where the
securities themselves are exchanged.
Forwards, like other derivative securities, can be used to
hedge risk (typically currency or exchange rate risk), as a
means of speculation, or to allow a party to take advantage
of a quality of the underlying instrument which is time-
sensitive.
-------------
A closely related contract is a futures contract; they differ in
certain respects. Forward contracts are very similar to
futures contracts, except they are not exchange-traded, or
defined on standardized assets.
Forwards also typically have no interim partial settlements
or "true-ups" in margin requirements like futures – such
that the parties do not exchange additional property
securing the party at gain and the entire unrealized gain or
loss builds up while the contract is open.
However, being traded over the counter (OTC), forward
contracts specification can be customized and may include
mark-to-market and daily margin calls.
How a forward contract
works?
Suppose that Bob wants to buy a house a year from now.
At the same time, suppose that Andy currently owns a
$100,000 house that he wishes to sell a year from now.
Both parties could enter into a forward contract with each
other.
Suppose that they both agree on the sale price in one
year's time of $104,000 (more below on why the sale price
should be this amount). Andy and Bob have entered into a
forward contract.
Bob, because he is buying the underlying, is said to have
entered a long forward contract. Conversely, Andy will
have the short forward contract.
At the end of one year, suppose that the current market
valuation of Andy's house is $110,000. Then, because Andy
is obliged to sell to Bob for only $104,000, Bob will make a
profit of $6,000.
To see why this is so, one needs only to recognize that
Bob can buy from Andy for $104,000 and immediately sell to
the market for $110,000.
Bob has made the difference in profit. In contrast, Andy
has made a potential loss of $6,000, and an actual profit of
$4,000.
The similar situation works among currency forwards, in
which one party opens a forward contract to buy or sell a
currency (ex. a contract to buy Canadian dollars) to
expire/settle at a future date, as they do not wish to be
exposed to exchange rate/currency risk over a period of
time.
As the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Canadian
dollars fluctuates between the trade date and the earlier
of the date at which the contract is closed or the
expiration date, one party gains and the counterparty
loses as one currency strengthens against the other.
Sometimes, the buy forward is opened because the
investor will actually need Canadian dollars at a future
date such as to pay a debt owed that is denominated in
Canadian dollars.
Other times, the party opening a forward does so, not
because they need Canadian dollars nor because they are
hedging currency risk, but because they are speculating
on the currency, expecting the exchange rate to move
favorably to generate a gain on closing the contract.
In a currency forward, the notional amounts of currencies
are specified (ex: a contract to buy $100 million Canadian
dollars equivalent to, say $114.4 million USD at the current
rate—these two amounts are called the notional amount
While the notional amount or reference amount may be a
large number, the cost or margin requirement to command
or open such a contract is considerably less than that
amount, which refers to the leverage created, which is
typical in derivative contracts.
works?
Suppose that Bob wants to buy a house a year from now.
At the same time, suppose that Andy currently owns a
$100,000 house that he wishes to sell a year from now.
Both parties could enter into a forward contract with each
other.
Suppose that they both agree on the sale price in one
year's time of $104,000 (more below on why the sale price
should be this amount). Andy and Bob have entered into a
forward contract.
Bob, because he is buying the underlying, is said to have
entered a long forward contract. Conversely, Andy will
have the short forward contract.
At the end of one year, suppose that the current market
valuation of Andy's house is $110,000. Then, because Andy
is obliged to sell to Bob for only $104,000, Bob will make a
profit of $6,000.
To see why this is so, one needs only to recognize that
Bob can buy from Andy for $104,000 and immediately sell to
the market for $110,000.
Bob has made the difference in profit. In contrast, Andy
has made a potential loss of $6,000, and an actual profit of
$4,000.
The similar situation works among currency forwards, in
which one party opens a forward contract to buy or sell a
currency (ex. a contract to buy Canadian dollars) to
expire/settle at a future date, as they do not wish to be
exposed to exchange rate/currency risk over a period of
time.
As the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Canadian
dollars fluctuates between the trade date and the earlier
of the date at which the contract is closed or the
expiration date, one party gains and the counterparty
loses as one currency strengthens against the other.
Sometimes, the buy forward is opened because the
investor will actually need Canadian dollars at a future
date such as to pay a debt owed that is denominated in
Canadian dollars.
Other times, the party opening a forward does so, not
because they need Canadian dollars nor because they are
hedging currency risk, but because they are speculating
on the currency, expecting the exchange rate to move
favorably to generate a gain on closing the contract.
In a currency forward, the notional amounts of currencies
are specified (ex: a contract to buy $100 million Canadian
dollars equivalent to, say $114.4 million USD at the current
rate—these two amounts are called the notional amount
While the notional amount or reference amount may be a
large number, the cost or margin requirement to command
or open such a contract is considerably less than that
amount, which refers to the leverage created, which is
typical in derivative contracts.
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Derrivatives:
What Is a Derivative and
How Do Derivatives Work?
A Definition, Explanation,
and Overview of Derivatives
for New Investors
In finance, a derivative is a contract that
derives its value from the performance of an
underlying entity. This underlying entity can
be an asset, index, or interest rate, and often
called the "underlying".
-------------
Derivative'
There are many different types of financial
instruments in the marketplace. Derivatives
are financial instruments derived from other
financial instruments. That is, the underlying
value is directly connected to another asset,
such as a stock.
There are two main types of derivatives: puts
and calls. A put is the right, but not the
obligation, to sell a stock at a predetermined
price referred to as the strike price. A call is
the right, but not the obligation, to buy a stock
at a predetermined strike price.
Both puts and calls provide investors with
insurance against a stock price going up or
down. In essence, all derivative products are
insurance products, especially credit
derivatives.
What Is a Derivative and
How Do Derivatives Work?
A Definition, Explanation,
and Overview of Derivatives
for New Investors
In finance, a derivative is a contract that
derives its value from the performance of an
underlying entity. This underlying entity can
be an asset, index, or interest rate, and often
called the "underlying".
-------------
Derivative'
There are many different types of financial
instruments in the marketplace. Derivatives
are financial instruments derived from other
financial instruments. That is, the underlying
value is directly connected to another asset,
such as a stock.
There are two main types of derivatives: puts
and calls. A put is the right, but not the
obligation, to sell a stock at a predetermined
price referred to as the strike price. A call is
the right, but not the obligation, to buy a stock
at a predetermined strike price.
Both puts and calls provide investors with
insurance against a stock price going up or
down. In essence, all derivative products are
insurance products, especially credit
derivatives.
Credit Derivative:
There are many different
types of credit derivatives
including credit default
swaps (CDS), collateralized
debt obligations (CDO), total
return swaps, credit default swap options and
credit spread forwards. In exchange for an
upfront fee, referred to as a premium, banks
and other lenders can remove the risk of
default entirely from a loan portfolio.
As an example, assume company A borrows
$100,000 from a bank over a 10-year period.
Company A has a history of bad credit and
must purchase a credit derivative as a
condition of the loan.
The credit derivative gives
the bank the right to "put"
or transfer the risk of
default to a third party. In
other words, in exchange for an annual fee
over the life of the loan, the third party pays
the bank any remaining principal or interest
on the loan in case of default. If company A
does not default, the third party gets to keep
the fee.
Meanwhile, company A receives the loan, the
bank is covered in case of default on
company A, and the third party earns the
annual fee. Everyone is happy.
There are many different
types of credit derivatives
including credit default
swaps (CDS), collateralized
debt obligations (CDO), total
return swaps, credit default swap options and
credit spread forwards. In exchange for an
upfront fee, referred to as a premium, banks
and other lenders can remove the risk of
default entirely from a loan portfolio.
As an example, assume company A borrows
$100,000 from a bank over a 10-year period.
Company A has a history of bad credit and
must purchase a credit derivative as a
condition of the loan.
The credit derivative gives
the bank the right to "put"
or transfer the risk of
default to a third party. In
other words, in exchange for an annual fee
over the life of the loan, the third party pays
the bank any remaining principal or interest
on the loan in case of default. If company A
does not default, the third party gets to keep
the fee.
Meanwhile, company A receives the loan, the
bank is covered in case of default on
company A, and the third party earns the
annual fee. Everyone is happy.
The value of the credit derivative is
dependent on both the credit quality of the
borrower and the credit quality of the third
party; however, the credit quality of the third
party is of chief concern. The third party is
referred to as the counterparty.
In the event the counterparty goes into
default or cannot honor the derivatives
contract, the lender does not receive a
payment and the premium payments end. In
this way, the credit quality of the
counterparty is more important than the
borrower.
Read more: Credit Derivative Definition | Investopedia
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dependent on both the credit quality of the
borrower and the credit quality of the third
party; however, the credit quality of the third
party is of chief concern. The third party is
referred to as the counterparty.
In the event the counterparty goes into
default or cannot honor the derivatives
contract, the lender does not receive a
payment and the premium payments end. In
this way, the credit quality of the
counterparty is more important than the
borrower.
Read more: Credit Derivative Definition | Investopedia
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/creditderivative.asp#ixzz4UeT6gtF5
Follow us: Investopedia on Facebook
What Is a Derivative and
How Do Derivatives Work?
Overview of Derivatives for
New Investors
A derivative is a security with a price that is
dependent upon or derived from one or
more underlying assets.
The derivative itself is a contract between
two or more parties based upon the asset or
assets. Its value is determined by
fluctuations in the underlying asset.
The most common underlying assets include
stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies,
interest rates and market indexes.
Derivatives either be traded
over-the-counter (OTC) or on an exchange.
OTC derivatives constitute the greater
proportion of derivatives in existence and
are unregulated, whereas derivatives traded
on exchanges are standardized. OTC
derivatives generally have greater risk for
the counterparty than do standardized
derivatives..
How Do Derivatives Work?
Overview of Derivatives for
New Investors
A derivative is a security with a price that is
dependent upon or derived from one or
more underlying assets.
The derivative itself is a contract between
two or more parties based upon the asset or
assets. Its value is determined by
fluctuations in the underlying asset.
The most common underlying assets include
stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies,
interest rates and market indexes.
Derivatives either be traded
over-the-counter (OTC) or on an exchange.
OTC derivatives constitute the greater
proportion of derivatives in existence and
are unregulated, whereas derivatives traded
on exchanges are standardized. OTC
derivatives generally have greater risk for
the counterparty than do standardized
derivatives..
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